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Glossary
Road, traffic and technical terms explained
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A
AADT Annual Average Daily Traffic. Data derived from Transit New Zealand's traffic data collection system. This system consists of a hierarchy of equipment that ranges from sophisticated weigh-in-motion and vehicle classification collection via telemetry to simple portable tube traffic counters.
Abatement Notice Abatement notice means a notice served under section 322 by an authorised council "enforcement officer" requiring someone to do something to ensure compliance with a plan, or to stop doing something which is having, or is likely to have, an adverse effect on the environment by being noxious, dangerous, offensive or objectionable.
Access / crossing place Access, or crossing place, is defined as the ability to enter or leave the State highway from adjoining property. The crossing place is the point on the property boundary where vehicles are permitted to enter and leave the State highway.
Access strip Access strip means a strip of land created by the registration of an easement in accordance with section 237B for the purpose of allowing public access to or along any river, or lake, or the coast, or to any esplanade reserve, esplanade strip, other reserve, or land owned by the local authority or by the Crown (but excluding all land held for a public work except land held, administered, or managed under the Conservation Act 1987 and the Acts named in the First Schedule to that Act)
Accessway Accessway is defined in section 315 of the Local Government Act 1974. It is a strip of land vested in the council and is used for pedestrian access between public places. It is limited in width, does not provide legal frontage, and is not a reserve.
ACENZ Association of Consulting Engineers NZ
Activities Activities includes all undertakings on the State highway associated with construction, maintenance and improvements. Activities also include all undertakings and pursuits on properties removed from the State highway and as defined in district plans.
Activities are uses of land and other resources and can include anything from a submission, to a discharge of a contaminant to air or water. The Act allows plans to distinguish between:
- Permitted activities which are allowed by the plan without a resource consent, providing they comply in all respects with the conditions specified in the plan.
- Controlled activities which require a resource consent. They must comply with any standards and terms specified in the plan and will be assessed according to those matters in the plan over which the council has reserved control. The council must grant consent to a controlled activity (i.e. consent cannot be refused), but in granting its consent the council may impose conditions relating to those matters specified.
- Discretionary activities which require a resource consent, and may be subject to standards and terms specified in the plan. Activities have been given this status where they potentially may not be suitable in all locations; and/or where the effects of the activity on the environment are not able to be measured and therefore it is not possible to prescribe appropriate standards and terms to cover all effects. The council may grant or refuse consent to a discretionary activity and, if granting consent, may impose conditions
- Non-complying activities which are those activities which contravene a rule in a plan. A resource consent is required for a non-complying activity. The council may grant or refuse consent to a non-complying activity and, if granting consent, may impose conditions.
- Prohibited activities which are those which a rule in the plan expressly prohibits (perhaps just in certain areas). No application can be made for such activities and no resource consent can be granted.
Adjacent Adjacent means lying near or adjoining (The Concise Oxford Dictionary). In terms of signs or glare, adjacent facilities are those considered to have an effect on State highway users.
Adjoining Adjoining means next to or joined with (The Concise Oxford Dictionary). Adjoining properties abut the State highway and usually have direct access to the State highway.
Advance Warning Signs These are off-site signs which give advanced or early warning of a site or accessway ahead. This prior warning enables a driver to plan ahead and commence any driving manoeuvres such as slowing down well in advance of the actual site.
Advertising Signs and Devices Includes all advertising signs and devices which are visible to or are intended to be seen by road users whether they are motorists, cyclists or pedestrians. It includes advertising that is:
- located within the road boundaries
- located on property near a road
- permanent or fixed in nature
- temporary or moveable in nature
- vehicle-mounted advertising or other advertising on vehicles
Advertising includes any name, figure, character, outline, display, notice, placard, delineation, poster, handbill, advertising advice or appliance such as a balloon, or any other thing of a similar nature to attract attention. Including all parts, portions, units, materials, frame, background, structure and support or anchorage and also any of the foregoing things when displayed on parked vehicles and/or trailers.
Letterboxes and property numbering systems are generally excluded from the roadside advertising and devices definition.
Advertising sign is defined generally as being any poster, placard, handbill, writing, picture, painting, engraving, carving, blimp, laser, display, tri-vision device, or any other device for informing or attracting the attention of the public and passers by. A sign can be either fixed to, incorporated in, or painted on any building, vehicle, trailer or other structure and may be temporary or permanent. (Individual district plans may include definitions that are slightly different from this definition). Advertising signs are normally controlled under district plans. Usual requirements relate to siting, size and appearance and other aspects such as road safety, while matters relating to the design of the structure are dealt with under the Building Act 1991.
AEE Assessment of Environmental Effects
AHB Auckland Harbour Bridge
ALPURT Albany Puhoi Realignment
Allotment Allotment for the purpose of subdivision is an area of land produced by subdivision which complies with (or exceeds) any frontage, depth and area requirements for subdivision in the district plan. There may be one or more allotments held in a certificate of title or shown on a subdivision consent plan (refer section 218).
Amenity Values Amenity values mean those natural or physical qualities and characteristics of an area that contribute to people's appreciation of its pleasantness, aesthetic coherence, and cultural and recreational attributes (Resource Management Act 1991).
AMP Asset Management Plan
AMS Asset Management Section
Anticipated Environmental Result Anticipation of environmental results involves a discipline, a process and / or, a matter of good practice by which one articulates an understanding of the likely consequences of implementing a plans objectives, policies and methods.
Appellant Appellant is a person who, or body which, lodges an appeal against a decision received from a council, or who refers a decision to the Environment Court. If referred on to a higher Court, the person is called the Plaintiff.
Applicant Applicant is the person or body who lodges an application for a resource consent or a privately initiated plan change.
ARRB Australian Road Research Board now known as ARRB Transport Research Ltd
Assessment of Environmental Effects (AEE) Assessment of Environmental Effects (AEE) is a process by which information about the environmental effects of a project are collected, to accompany a resource consent application or requirement for a designation. This information can be used by the developer, local authority and the general public to either evaluate or promote the application.
An assessment of any actual or potential effects that the activity may have on the environment, and the ways in which any adverse effects may be avoided, remedied, or mitigated as required for any resource consent or designation application under the Resource Management Act 1991.
ATMS Advanced Traffic Management Systems. Generic term for motorway management systems.
ATTOMS Auckland Transit Traffic Operations Management Service. This is the service provided by the Operators, in the Control Room of the Northcote Traffic Management Centre, to manage the Auckland Traffic, react and manage specific incidents, and maintain the Auckland Traffic Website. ATTOMS is a branding name for NTMC. (It’s highly likely that this term will lessen in importance in order to provide the traffic management system with a single acronym. And it should not be ATTOMS. Also, I’m told the first ‘T’ is for transport. Too confusing to be credible.)
AUSTROADS An association of Australasian roading authorities of which Transit is a member.
AWLAG Axle Weights & Loading Advisory Group
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BCA Bitumen Contractors Association
BCA Bus and Coach Association
BCR or B/C Benefit to Cost Ratio
Benefits and Costs Benefits and Costs includes benefits and costs of any kind, whether monetary or non-monetary.
Best practicable option In relation to a discharge of a contaminant or an emission of noise, means the best method for preventing or minimising the adverse effects on the environment having regard, among other things, to:
- The nature of the discharge or emission and the sensitivity of the receiving environment to adverse effects; and
- The financial implications, and the effects on the environment, of that option when compared with other options; and
- The current state of technical knowledge and the likelihood that the option can be successfully applied.
Board Board of Transit New Zealand
BOMA Building & Owners Management Association
BOOT Build, Own, Operate & Transfer
BR Bridge Replacement
BSI Bridge Structural Inventory
BTAG Biosecurity Technical Advisory Group
Bulk and Location Bulk and Location refers to the height, size and location of a building on a site.
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CAIR Corrective Action Improvement Request
CAPTIF Canterbury Accelerated Pavement Testing Indoor Facility
CCI Consumer Cost Index
CCTV Closed Circuit Television
CE Chief Executive
CEA Collective Employment Agreement
Certificate of Compliance Certificate of Compliance is a document, issued by a council on request, certifying that a particular proposal or activity does not require a resource consent. Provisions concerning Certificates of Compliance are contained in section 139 of the Act.
Certificate of Title Certificate of Title is the legal document stating the area, dimensions, location, description and owner of land as well as registable encumbrances such as mortgages, building lines, easements etc. The title document is deposited with the District Land Registrar and is deposited as part of the land ownership system under the Land Transfer Act 1952.
Change Change includes a change proposed by a local authority to an operative policy statement or plan under Part I of the First Schedule and a change proposed by any person to a policy statement or plan under Part II of the First Schedule.
Changes may be necessary in response to revised or up-dated national or regional policy statements or regional plans. Further, as development of the city or district takes place, the plan may need to be changed so that on-going and evolving issues may be acknowledged and provided for.
In addition to council initiated changes, any person may formally request the council to change the plan as per the procedure set out in the First Schedule to the Act. Applications must clearly define the proposed change, so that it can be readily understood and describe the environmental results anticipated from the implementation to the change. (See also Variation)
CM Contract Management
CMG Corporate Management Group
Coast marine area Coastal marine area means the foreshore, seabed, and coastal water, and the air space above the water
- Of which the seaward boundary is the outer limits of the territorial sea;
- Of which the landward boundary is the line of mean high water springs, except
that where that line crosses a river, the landward boundary at that point
shall be whichever is the lesser of -
- One kilometre upstream from the mouth of the river; or
- The point upstream that is calculated by multiplying the width of the river mouth by 5.
Coastal Permit Coastal Permit has the meaning set out in section 87 (c) and is needed to undertake or establish an activity in the coastal marine area, unless expressly allowed by a rule in a regional plan.
Commissioner The Act provides for two kinds of commissioners:
- Planning Commissioners are members of the Environment Court;
- Hearing Commissioners are people given delegated authority by a council to act on its behalf. Hearing Commissioners may be members of the Council appointed to deal with matters such as hearing submissions and making recommendations on plans, or they may be independent persons with appropriate expertise appointed to hear (and normally to determine) applications.
Community Signs Signs which provide information for or about the community. Community signs, both permanent and temporary, may be erected within the State highway reserve where approved by Transit. Signs may be erected adjacent to State highways in accordance with the provisions of relevant District Plans and/or bylaws.
Permanent community signs include:
- Community service signs such as those used for fire warnings; and
- Community information such as Welcome to type signs, signs associated with community road safety campaigns and white crosses.
Temporary community signs include:
- Community events such as school reunions, other event banners, and road safety signs which may be erected 28 days before and must be removed within 7 days after the event; and
- Electioneering signs may be erected for a maximum period of 3 months and then removed the day prior to the election.
Completion certificate Completion certificate means a certificate issued under section 222 in relation to works such as roading which have to be done before a subdivision can be completed.
Conditions Conditions in relation to plans and resource consents, includes terms, standards, restrictions, and prohibitions.
Conditions must be fair and reasonable, must be relevant to the situation, and must be capable of performance and monitoring for compliance (see section 108 of the RMA).
Consent authority Consent authority means the Minister of Conservation, a regional council, a territorial authority, or a local authority that is both a regional council and a territorial authority, whose permission is required to carry out an activity for which a resource consent is required under this Act.
Contaminant Contaminant includes any substance (including gases, liquids, solids, and micro-organisms) or energy (excluding noise) or heat, that either by itself or in combination with the same, similar, or other substances, energy, or heat.
- When discharged into water, changes or is likely to change the physical, chemical, or biological condition of water; or
- When discharged onto or into land or into air, changes or is likely to change the physical, chemical, or biological conditions of the land or air onto or into which it is discharged.
Contravene Contravene includes fail to comply with.
Consent notice Consent notice means a notice issued under section 221 specifying a condition of subdivision which has to be met on a continuing basis by a subdividing owner and subsequent owners.
Construction Construction includes reconstruction, and also includes such improvements as, in the opinion of the Authority, is not merely maintenance; and to construct has a corresponding meaning.
Consultant Consultant is a person engaged by an individual, private organisation or a council, to carry out duties beyond the expertise of the client.
Conservation Conservation is any action which does not result in the depletion of resources.
Controlled activity See activities.
CoP Code of Practice
CoPTTM Code of Practice for Temporary Traffic Management
COPS Computerisation of Professional Services
Corridor Management Agreements Corridor Management Agreements are agreements between Transit and territorial authorities for the provision and protection of road amenities, road services and certain carriageway features on State highways with the relevant district. The Corridor Management Agreements do not replace or remove any of the existing statutory obligations, legal rights, or obligations of Transit and the territorial authority, and the other agencies e.g. utilities and other network, which occupy the corridor under their respective legislation.
Counsel Counsel is a person presenting an application or case. The term usually refers to a lawyer engaged by an applicant, submitter, or the Council itself. This person is an advocate, as distinct from a witness, and is not obliged to substantiate any of his or her statements or say anything outside a clients interests.
CP Corridor Plans
CPI Consumer Price Index
CPP Competitive Pricing Procedures
CPV Contract Payment Voucher
CQP Consultants / Contractors Quality Plan
Cross lease Cross lease means a lease of any building or part of any building on, or to be erected, on any land
- That is granted by any owner of the land; and
- That is held by a person who has an estate or interest in an undivided share in the land.
Crossing Place (CP) Crossing Place is an access to and from a limited access road, registered with the District Land Register against the Certificate of Title.
CS Computer Services
CSE Control Systems Engineer
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D & PD Design & Project Documentation
DBFO Design, Build, Finance and Operate
DCN Document Control Number (Contract Number)
DCP Document Control Procedures
Declaration Declaration means a declaration about any of the matters set out in section 310 made by the Environment Court under section 313. For example a declaration can be sought to establish whether existing use rights apply to a site, what the status of an activity is, or to establish facts where there has been some controversy.
Declaration of LAR Declaration of Limited Access Roads (LAR) the declaration of limited access roads empowers Transit to implement its access management policies.
LARs are an important component of access management, and therefore are an integral part of the Transit Act.
Density Density is a measure of the concentration of buildings or persons and may be expressed in a range or ways - for example houses per hectare, habitable rooms per hectare, bedrooms per hectare, persons per hectare; or as a plot ratio, or total building floor area as a ratio of site area.
Density limits may relate to provision of public services such as water supply, sewage disposal and roading, or may apply for amenity reasons.
Designation Designation has a special meaning under section 166 of the Act. A designation is a provision made in a plan to give effect to a requirement made by a requiring authority. These requirements relate to a public work or a particular project or utility operation such as an airport or a sewage treatment works.
Any minister of the Crown or local authority is automatically a requiring authority. Other network utility operators (as defined in section 166 of the Resource Management Act) may apply to the Minister for the Environment for approval to be a requiring authority in respect of a particular project or network.
A requiring authority has the power to issue a council with a requirement seeking a designation (effectively a special zone or set of rules to facilitate the activity).
Designations are usually shown on the planning maps in the plan with an indication of which requiring authority has the benefit of the designation. These designations limit the use of the land for other than the designated purpose.
Designations are not the only means of providing for public works or utility operations. Plans usually contain general rules for utilities not designated, providing for these in a manner similar to other general activities.
Dev Deviation
Developments Developments include any subdivision, structure, excavation, a work connected with existing use or new use, which is likely to have some lasting effect on land or a community.
Diagram A, B, C, & D Diagram A, B, C & D are access design requirements for accesses to and from State highways, including sight lines, location, turning circles, etc.
Discharge Discharge includes emit, deposit, and allow to escape.
Discharge permit is a resource consent issued by a regional council allowing a discharge of:
- a contaminant or water into water, or
- a contaminant onto or into land where it may then enter water, or
- a contaminant from industrial or trade premises into air, or
- a contaminant from an industrial or trade premises onto or into land. (See definition of contaminant above.)
unless expressly allowed by a rule in a regional plan.
Discretionary Activity See activities.
District District in relation to a territorial authority -
- Means the district of the territorial authority as defined in accordance with the Local Government Act 1974 but, except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this definition, does not include any area in the coastal marine area;
- Includes any area reclaimed in the coastal marine area for which a consent authority has issued a certificate under section 245 (5) (a)(ii) or (5) (b)(ii), but which has not yet been included within the boundary of the territorial authority;
- Includes for the purposes of section 89, any area in the coastal marine area.
District Plan District Plan means an operative plan approved by a territorial authority under the First Schedule; and includes all operative changes to such a plan (whether arising from a review or otherwise).
A district plan is basically a set of objectives, policies, methods, a statement of rules and anticipated environmental results developed by the council and community through a public process to guide the development of the district in matters relating to land use activity, building, subdivision, transportation and amenities. All plans must give effect to the matters in sections 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 31, 74 and 75, the First Schedule to the Act and the Second Schedule Part II.
District rule District rule means a rule made as a part of a district plan in accordance with section 76.
DLR District Land Registrar
DMG Divisional Management Group
DOC or DoC Department of Conservation
DPG Divisional Planning Group
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Ecology Ecology is the study of the inter-relationship of materials, living things and processes within an environment.
Ecosystem Ecosystem is the complex of plants and animals and the physical environment with which it interacts and exchanges materials and energy.
EDA Equivalent Design Axle
Effects Refers to those effects that are greater than minor. "Effect" is defined in the RMA (section 3) to include:
- Any positive or adverse effect; and
- Any temporary or permanent effect; and
- Any past, present, or future effect; and
- Any cumulative effect which arises over time or in combination with other effects - regardless of the scale, intensity, duration, or frequency of the effect, and also includes -
- Any potential effect of high probability; and
- Any potential effect of low probability which has a high potential impact.
Enforcement Enforcement powers under Part XII of the RMA are available to councils to require people to cease or not commence any activity which is or is likely to contravene the Act, any regulations, a rule in a district plan or any resource consent, or be noxious, dangerous, offensive, or objectionable to such an extent that it has or is likely to have an adverse effect on the environment.
Enforcement officer Enforcement officer means any person authorised under section 38 to exercise certain powers, for example in some circumstances to enter property.
Enforcement order Enforcement order means an order made under section 319 for any of the purposes set out in section 314; and includes an interim enforcement order made under section 320.
Environment Environment includes
- Ecosystems and their constituent parts, including people and communities; and
- All natural and physical resources; and
- Amenity values; and
- The social economic, aesthetic, and cultural conditions which affect the matters stated in paragraphs (a) to (c) of this definition or which are affected by those matters.
Environment Court Environment Court is a special Court which deals with appeals and references against council decisions on plans and policy statements and applications. The Court also deals with appeals against decisions of heritage protection authorities and requiring authorities (public works) and with enforcement matters. There are several divisions of the
Environment Court each headed by a Judge. The Court has an equivalent status to a District Court, which means that matters of law can be reviewed by higher courts - one of whom is the Chief Judge of the Environment Court.
EOY End of Year
Equivalent Car Movement Per Day (ecm/d) Equivalent car movement per day (averaged over a year) is defined as follows:
- 1 car to and from the property = 2 equivalent car movements
- 1 truck to and from property = 6 equivalent car movements
- 1 truck and trailer to and from property = 10 equivalent car movements
This is based on the assumption that a single residential dwelling is deemed to generate 8 equivalent car movements per day (ecm/d). Surveys undertaken by Transit and overseas support this assumption. An indication of typical traffic generation levels for a variety of different activities is provided in Appendix 4.
ESA Equivalent Standard Axle
Esplanade reserve Esplanade reserve means a reserve within the meaning of the Reserves Act 1977
- Which is either
- A local purpose reserve within the meaning of section 23 of that Act, if vested in the territorial authority under section 239; or
- A reserve vested in the Crown or a regional council under section 237D; and
- Which is vested in the territorial authority, regional council, or the Crown for a purpose or purposes set out in section 229.
These reserve areas (up to 20 m in width) along the coast and adjoining lakes and rivers where land is being subdivided into allotments smaller than 4 ha, and are intended to protect conservation values, enable public access, or enable recreation activities. The need to provide esplanade reserves can be waived through a rule in a district plan.
Esplanade strip Esplanade strip means a strip of land created by the registration of a legal instrument in accordance with section 232 for a purpose or purposes set out in section 229.
Existing use rights Sections 10 and 10A of the Act provide for the existing and continued use of land and the surface of water in a manner which contravenes a rule in a district plan, subject to the following:
- The use was lawfully established (including by designation) before the rule became operative or the proposed plan was notified; and
- The effects of the use are the same or similar in character, intensity and scale to those which existed before the plan became operative or the proposed plan was notified or the designation was removed; and
- If the activity involves the use of the surface of water in lakes and rivers, the person carrying out the activity applies for a resource consent within 6 months of the rule in the plan becoming operative.
Existing use rights do not apply if:
- The use of the land has been discontinued for a continuous period of more than 12 months, unless the council has granted an extension by way of application; or
- Reconstruction, alteration or extension of any building contravenes a rule in a district plan and increases its degree of non-compliance.
Expert Expert is a person qualified and experienced in some technical field. An expert witness is obliged to tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth at council hearings and before the Environment Court which means giving evidence on a case as he or she sees it and not just the aspects favouring the client who has engaged him or her (as distinct from counsel). This means that a council’s own staff or consultants could give contrary opinion to a decision of the council.
Expressway An expressway is a non-statutory term used to describe a highway which, in relation to access control, lies between a motorway and a limited access road. Direct property access to an expressway is prohibited through the use of segregation strips (see definition below). Expressways are generally high speed roads with well spaced at grade intersections.
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FCWP Forward Capital Works Programme
FEC Firm Estimate of Cost
Financial Contribution Financial Contribution - money or works required to be paid to the Council or to be undertaken before an activity establishes. Financial contributions must relate to the effect that the proposed activity will have on the environment, the method of calculation must be specified in the plan, and the other general requirements relating to conditions must be met.
FMIS Financial Management Information System
Foreshore Foreshore means any land covered and uncovered by the flow and ebb of the tide at mean spring tides and, in relation to any such land that forms part of the bed of a river, does not include any area that is not part of the coastal marine area.
Frangible Able to be broken and absorb enough impact energy to reduce the severity of a vehicle collision e.g. trees or shrubs having slender stems which break or bend (refer to Guidelines for Planting for Road Safety, August 1991, Transit New Zealand & Land Transport Safety Division of the Ministry of Transport ISBN 0-478-04109-8, Appendix C). For Signs refer to Appendix 5 and reference to Manual of Traffic Signs and Marking (MOTSAM) for criteria.
Fresh water Fresh water means all water except coastal water and geothermal water.
FSD Financial Services Division
Further submission A further submission may be lodged in support of or opposition to, any submission on a plan, variation or change. This extra stage gives an opportunity for people to counter (or support) submissions made by others and provides a right of hearing and appeal if the council does not make the decision sought by the further submitter.
FWD Falling Weight Deflectometer
FWP Forward Works Planning
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G/L General Ledger
GMCP General Manager Capital Projects
GMCS General Manager Corporate Services
GMNO General Manager Network Operations
GMSS General Manager Strategic Support
GMT General Management Team
GMTP General Manager Transport Planning
GR Guardrail
GVW Gross Vehicle Weight
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HCH High Capacity Highway
HCV Heavy Commercial Vehicle (truck)
HDM III Highway Design & Maintenance 3
HDM 4 Highway Development & Management 4
Hearings Hearings under the Resource Management Act are held in public where the council, committee, or hearing commissioner hears submissions and evidence on a proposed plan, an application for resource consent, a plan change, etc. There are general procedural rules and responsibilities relating to council hearings.
Heavy Vehicle Mix The percentage of heavy vehicles in the overall traffic mix where heavy vehicles are defined as weighing over 3.5 tonnes gross.
Heritage orders A heritage order is a provision in a district plan to give effect to a requirement made by a heritage protection authority (section 187). A heritage order is issued to protect features or places of special interest, character, intrinsic or amenity value or visual appeal, of special significance to the tangata whenua, and the area of land surrounding the place necessary to protect them. Once issued, a heritage order has immediate effect. No person may undertake work in a manner contrary to the heritage order.
Heritage protection authority Heritage protection authority has the meaning set out in section 87 and provides that Ministers of the Crown, local authorities and the Historic Places Trust are heritage protection authorities. There is a process for other bodies to gain this status for particular sites or buildings.
HHA Heavy Haulage Association
HMD Highway Management Division
HO Head Office
HOV High Occupancy Vehicle
HRMIS Human Resources Management Information Systems
HVRG Heavy Vehicle Reference Group
HVWD Heavy Vehicle Weights & Dimensions
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I & R Investigation & Reporting
I/C Interchange
I/D/C Investigation / Design / Construction
I/I Intersection Improvement
Interim enforcement order Interim enforcement order means an order made by the Environment Court under section 320. They are a means of immediately stopping something pending a full hearing to consider an enforcement order.
Intrinsic values In relation to ecosystems, means those aspects of ecosystems and their constituent parts which have value in their own right, including
- Their biological and genetic diversity; and
- The essential characteristics that determine an ecosystems integrity, form, functioning, and resilience.
IPENZ Institution of Professional Engineers of New Zealand
IRF International Roading Federation
IRS Information Retrieval System
IS Information Systems
ISO International Standards Organisation
Issues The RMA requires the identification of issues as a means of focusing on the need for intervention. Provisions in plans need to be issue-specific. That is, there needs to be a reason for intervention and the need should be expressed in a transparent way. Plans should be about promoting sustainable management through the identification and addressing of issues.
Iwi authority Iwi authority means the authority which represents an iwi and which is recognised by that iwi as having authority to do so.
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Kaitiakitanga Kaitiakitanga means the exercise of guardianship by the tangata whenua of an area in accordance with tikanga Maori in relation to natural and physical resources, and includes the ethic of stewardship.
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LA local authority ie a regional council, city council, unitary council or special purpose authority within local government
Land Land includes land covered by water and the air space above land.
Land use consent Land use consent has the meaning set out in section 87(a) of the Act (see resource consents) and is required for the use of land, including the surface of water, in a way that is not permitted as of right under the district plan. Note that existing use rights may apply.
LATE Local Authority Trading Enterprise
LCI Labour Cost Index
LGNZ Local Government New Zealand
Limited Access Road (LAR) Limited Access Road is a declaration under the Transit Act or Local Government Act as a means of controlling access to and from State highways.
Each parcel of land adjoining a State highway which is limited access road that does not have a reasonable legal alternative access to some other road is entitled to at least one crossing place where vehicles are permitted to enter and leave the road. Limited Access Roads are not roads for the purpose of subdivision unless the Minister of Transport agrees upon a recommendation from Transit that it can be used as such.
LINZ Land Information New Zealand
Local Authority (LA) Local Authority means any regional council or territorial authority within the meaning of the Local Government Act 1974.
LOS Level Of Service
Lt Lighting
LRARA Long Run Average Renewal System
LRMS Location Reference Management Systems. It is plural in that it comprises of "Highways by exor", the Transit Systems Integration eXchange (T6) and the RAMM API to the RAMM system. It also encompasses the business processes for the management of changes to the State Highway network and the signs on the highway that marks out the locations.
LRS Location Reference System
LTNZ Land Transport New Zealand
LTPS Land Transport Pricing Study
LTSA Land Transport Safety Authority superseded by LTNZ
LTPS Land Transport Pricing Study
LTPS Long Term Procurement Strategy
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MARG Maintenance Allocation Review Group
MB Median Barrier
Methods Methods, including rules, must be included in plans to demonstrate how issues are going to be addressed. Methods may include education, advice, working groups, etc.
Minister Minister of Transport (Hon Annette King)
MLB Movable Lane Barrier
MLBV Movable Lane Barrier Vehicle
MoT Ministry of Transport
Monitoring Councils have responsibilities (section 35) for gathering information, monitoring and maintaining records on resource management matters. These responsibilities mean that councils can consider refining the content of their plans, and also enable the community to be informed about how the plans provisions are performing.
The monitoring process has three components:
- Checking compliance with the provisions of the plan and compliance with conditions of consents. In particular, councils should monitor compliance with approved resource consents. Where appropriate, the consent conditions can be reviewed as provided for in section 128 of the Act;
- Monitoring the state of the environment in the district or region on an ongoing basis;
- Reviewing the suitability and effectiveness of the provisions of the plan. If necessary the provisions of the plan may need to be changed to address issues identified through monitoring programmes.
The procedures for monitoring the effectiveness of the plans are set out in Part II section 14 of the RMA
Motorist Service Centres A one-stop facility intending to serve the travelling public outside of urban areas. Facilities may include, for example, vehicles refueling, service station, carwash, and fast-food restaurants.
MOTSAM Manual of Traffic Signs and Markings
MOU Memorandum of Understanding
MRC Motor Registration Centre
MRP Major Projects Review
MS & QA Management Surveillance & Quality Assurance
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NAASRA National Association of Australian State Roading Authorities
National Policy Statement Sections 45 to 55 set out a procedure for the Minister for the Environment to propose statements of policy on a wide range of environmental matters (see section 45). As yet no statements have been issued, although by a similar procedure (section 56 to 58) the Minister of Conservation approved a New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement.
Natural and physical resources Natural and physical resources includes land, water, air, soil, minerals, and energy, all forms of plants and animals (whether native to New Zealand or introduced), and all structures.
Natural hazard means any atmospheric or earth or water related occurrence (including earthquake, tsunami, erosion, volcanic and geothermal activity, landslip, subsidence, sedimentation, wind, drought, fire, or flooding) the action of which adversely affects or may adversely affect human life, property, or other aspects of the environment.
NCRR National Conditioning Rating Report
Network utility operator Network utility operator has the meaning set out in section 166 and means a person who operates a network for distribution or transmission of road, railway lines, energy, communication, water, electricity, drainage, sewage etc.
New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement means a statement issued under section 57.
NLTS National Land Transport Strategy
NMA Network Management Area
NMC Network Management Contract
NMM Network Maintenance Management
NO National Office
Noise Noise includes vibration.
Noise is unwanted sound. Noise levels can be measured in decibels (dBA) or other method. Noise (with some exceptions - e.g. traffic noise) is managed through district plans and directly under the RMA.
NOMAD National Optimisation of Maintenance Activity by Decade
Non-complying activity Non-complying activity means an activity (not being a prohibited activity) which
- Contravenes a rule in a plan or proposed plan; and
- Is allowed only if a resource consent is obtained in respect of that activity. (Also see activities.)
Non-notified application See resource consent.
Northcote Traffic Management Centre (often shortened to TMC or NTMC) - This is the name of the total facility located in the Motorways Police Building at Northcote Point (just north of the Auckland Harbour Bridge). This facility provides the framework, environment, systems and equipment for Transit and the TMU to deliver network operational services. As such it is used to describe the full range of activities being run from the facility such as management, special events, road use coordination, systems administration and maintenance, incident management planning and coordination, and Police Liaison.
Noxious elements These are aspects of any use or activity which may have unpleasant effects on the surrounding area. Included in this category would be: glare, e.g. direct lighting; smell, e.g. piggeries; fumes, e.g. diesel generators; noise, e.g. compressors; dust, e.g. coal stockpiles; smoke or vibration.
NP&BM National Property & Business Manager
NRP National Roading Plan / Programme
NSHP National State Highway Programme
NSHS National State Highway Strategy
NTC Notice to Contractor
NTMC Northcote Traffic Management Centre
NTT Notice to Tenderer
NZ New Zealand
NZCF New Zealand Contractors Federation
NZPI New Zealand Planning Institute
NZS New Zealand Standard
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Objectives and Policies Objectives are statements of what is to be achieved by a plan or policy statement. They should be as specific as possible so that achievement is measurable. Policies are statements of the means chosen to achieve the objectives.
OD Origin/Destination (Survey)
Official Traffic Signs All signs in the traffic regulations and in the Manual of Traffic Signs and Marking (MOTSAM) approved by the LTSA and that are considered necessary by Transit for the safe and efficient operation of the State highway system. These signs include:
- regulatory signs
- motorist service signs
- warning signs
- tourist signs
- guide signs
- general information signs
They are part of the normal road operations and traffic guidance and are made of standard design, colour, shape etc and convey instructions of warning or advice on road conditions, destinations, traffic control, and tourist and motorist services.
OMA Optimum Maintenance Allocation
Operative In relation to a policy statement or plan, or a provision of a policy statement or plan, means that the policy statement, plan, or provision has become operative in terms of clause 20 of the First Schedule and has not ceased to be operative.
OSH Occupational Safety and Health in Employment Act 1992
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PACE Performance Assessment by Co-ordinated Evaluation
PADS Property Acquisition & Disposal
PAP Property Acquisition Programme
Parking and loading Parking and loading are matters to be dealt with in district plans usually by specifying numbers of vehicle parks required, design and location etc. in relation to different activities.
PB Passing Bay
PCA Power Crane Association
PCU Passenger Car Unit
PD & E Pavement Drainage & Emergency Work
PDDM Project Development and Delivery Methods
Peak traffic flows Traffic effects are often based on the maximum number of vehicles past a point, or generated by an activity, for an hour in a day, rather than an average over a day. Peak flows on a stretch of road usually coincide with time when journeys to work are taking place.
However, some stretches of road may have weekend peaks - particularly in the vicinity of major recreational activities or shopping centres.
PEC Preliminary Estimate of Cost
PEM Project Evaluation Manual
Permitted activity See activities.
PFI Private Finance Initiative
PFR Preliminary Feasibility Report
PIARC Pavement International Association of Road Congresses
PIO Permit Issuing Officer
PIS Project Information Sheet
PL Passing Lane
Plan Plan means a regional plan or a district plan or activity plan.
Plan Change See change.
Planning maps All district plans and some regional policy statements and plans include planning maps. If rules apply to particular localities, the maps should be of sufficient detail to enable every land owner to identify his or her property, and ascertain provisions that, apply including road works and any other public work which may affect the property.
PM People Manager (Human Resources Management and Information System)
PMC Property Management Consultant
PMQM Project Management Quality Manual
Policy statement Policy statement means a regional policy statement.
PPM Planning Policy Manual
PQP Project Quality Plan
Prohibited activity See activities.
Project Project means an individual land transport related activity and includes administration, planning, design, and supervision.
PROMAN State Highway Project Financial Management System
Proposed Plan Proposed Plan means a proposed plan or change to a plan that has been notified under clause 5 of the First Schedule but has not become operative in terms of clause 20 of the First Schedule, but does not include a proposed plan or change originally requested by a person other than a local authority or a minister of the Crown.
A plan becomes proposed when requirements of the Minister and local authorities have been included and it has been publicly notified (advertised) for public submissions. It remains in this state until it becomes operative. Alterations can be made to the contents of a proposed plan by way of council decisions on submissions or by variations which are advertised for submissions. A proposed plan change is a change to a plan which has been publicly notified for submissions.
PSMC Performance Specified Maintenance Contracts
Public notice Public notice means
- When given by a Minister of the Crown in relation to any matter other than a restricted coastal activity, a notice published in one or more daily newspapers circulating in the main metropolitan areas:
- When given by a local authority,
consent authority, or requiring authority (including the Minister of Conservation
in the case of a restricted coastal activity decision), a notice published
in -
- One or more daily newspapers circulating in the region or district of the local authority or to which the consent or requirement relates; or
- One or more other newspapers that have at least an equivalent circulation in that region or district to the daily newspapers circulating in that region or district.
together with such other public notice (if any) as the Minister, local authority, consent authority, or requiring authority thinks desirable in the circumstances; and publicly notify and public notification have corresponding meanings.
Public utilities Public utilities relate to the service or supplies commonly available such as telephone, electricity and water. Many public utilities are too minor to justify requirement and designation procedures (e.g. power poles) and are deemed to be permitted uses by the Act in terms of the RMAs transitional provisions. Proposed district plans need to include replacement provisions for such activities.
Public work Public work is work which the Government or local authority has financial responsibility for. Such works are defined in the Public Works Act 1981.
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QA Quality Assurance
QMSM Quality Management Systems Manual
QP Quality Procedure
QSM Quality Service Manual
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RAG Roading Advisory Group
RAM/RAO Regional Administration Manager / Officer
RAMM Road Assessment & Maintenance Management System
RC Regional Council within local government
RCA Regional Computer Administrator
RCA Road Controlling Authority. The RCA is a group of representatives from the territorial local authorities, Department of Conservation (DoC), Land Transport New Zealand (LTNZ), and Local Government New Zealand (LGNZ), led by Transit.
RCAF or RCA Forum Road Controlling Authorities’ Forum. Quarterly meeting held by the RCA.
RCIV Ramp Cost Index Value
REAAA The Road Engineering Association of Asia and Australasia. Established in 1973 and is based in Malaysia and aims to promote and advance the science and practice of road engineering and related professions. It also aims to educate and improve, extend and elevate the technical and general knowledge of those concerned with road engineering.
Reference Point Reference Point (RP) is a location used to measure and identify points on different sections of State highway throughout New Zealand.
Region Region means, in relation to a regional council, the region of the regional council as determined in accordance with the Local Government Act 1974.
Regional Coastal Plan Regional Coastal Plan means an operative plan approved by the Minister of Conservation under the First Schedule and includes all operative changes to such a plan (whether arising from a review or otherwise).
Regional Council Regional Council has the same meaning as in the Local Government Act 1974, and includes the Chatham Islands County Council.
Regional Plan Regional Plan means an operative plan (including a regional coastal plan) approved by a regional council or the Minister of Conservation under the First Schedule; and includes all operative changes to such a plan (whether arising from a review or otherwise).
Regional rule Regional rule means a rule made as part of a regional plan in accordance with section 68.
Requirement Requirement is a request for a designation issued to a territorial authority by a requiring authority.
Requiring authority Requiring authority is a body with the power to issue a requirement for a designation in a district plan to facilitate a public work. Requiring authorities include network utilities, local authorities and others who obtain the Minister for the Environments approval for a special project or work.
Reserve Reserves are areas of public land set aside and gazette for specific purposes and are usually designated in the plan. There are various types of reserves as set out in the Reserves Act 1977.
Reserve contribution Reserve contribution is an area of land, or a cash contribution in lieu of land for reserve purposes which the council may require as a condition of approval of a subdivision consent, in the transitional period before proposed plans become operative. Once operative, plans include financial contributions which will replace these contributions (see Financial Contribution).
Resource consent Resource consent has the meaning set out in section 87 of the Act and includes all conditions to which the consent is subject.
The Act provides for two types of resource consent to be issued by district/city councils: land use consent and subdivision consent. Discharge, water and coastal permits are resource consents which are issued by regional councils, along with some types of land use consents (for land clearance or disturbance, or in beds of river and lakes).
An application for resource consent must be made in accordance with section 88 of the Resource Management Act and the relevant form in the
Resource Management Regulations. Applications must include a description and assessment of effects on the environment, prepared in accordance with the 4th Schedule to the Act.
Section 94 of the Act indicates when applications need not be publicly notified. This normally requires the written approval of affected persons. The rules of a plan can specify those resource consents which will usually be non-notified, and those which will not require the written approval of persons affected by the proposal.
Section 104 sets out those matters to which the council must have regard, in considering a resource consent application.
The council makes a decision on the application in accordance with section 105 of the Act. A plan may include assessment matters which the council will have regard to when considering resource consents. Section 106 specifies circumstances whereby the council shall not grant subdivision consent.
The council may impose conditions on consents in accordance with sections 108 and 220 of the Act, in restricting or prohibiting certain aspects of the proposal to ensure it complies with the Act and the plan.
Resources Resources include all sources of support for humanity (individually and collectively), such as people, water, minerals, flora, fauna and land and existing structures. The sustainable management of resources requires care for all resources.
Restricted coastal activity Restricted coastal activity means any discretionary activity or non-complying activity
- Which, in accordance with section 68, is stated by a regional coastal plan to be a restricted coastal activity;
- For which the Minister of Conservation is the consent authority.
RFT Request for Tender
RGDAS Road Geometry Data Acquisition System
RHE Regional Highway Engineer
Right of way Right of way is a legal agreement giving rights to pass over a strip of land and does not, as is commonly thought, describe the strip of land itself.
RIMS Roading Information Management System
RLTS Regional Land Transport Strategy
RM Regional Manager
RMA Resource Management Act 1991
RMCE Routine Maintenance Cost Estimation
RMG Regional Management Group
RO Regional Office
Road Road means, any road as defined in Section 315(1) of the Local Government Act 1974.
Are normally shown in district plans as legally existing, proposed, proposed to be closed, proposed to be widened and classified as to importance and suitability for types of traffic, e.g. motorways, limited access roads, arterial roads, local roads, etc. Roads may also be designated.
ROC Rough Order of Cost
RP Route Position - is a location used to measure and identify points on different sections of State highway throughout New Zealand.
RRPM Reflective Raised Pavement Marker ("cats eyes")
RS Reference Station
RTB Right Turn Bay
RTF Road Transport Forum
RTS Roading Transport Strategy
RUC Road User Charges
Rule Rule means a restriction with legal effect set out in a district or regional plan. Policy statements cannot contain rules. Rules provide the basic framework which enables people to undertake activities with certainty. Rules must be clear and capable of legal interpretation.
Rules are however only one part of a plan. A proposal may fail to comply with the rules but this does not necessarily mean that it will be contrary to the objectives and policies of the plan. In such circumstances, resource consents may be allowed.
RUM Road Use Management
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SAA Standards Association of Australia
SCATS Sydney Co-ordinated Adaptive Traffic System
SCRIM Sideways Co-efficient Routine Investigation Machine
Section 32 Assessment Section 32 of the Resource Management Act requires that certain duties be performed in the preparation of any objective, policy, rule or other method to be included in a policy statement or plan. There are three main components of section 32:
- to address the extent to which the provision is needed at all, to explore other possible means, and to provide reasons for and against the proposed and principal alternative means;
- to evaluate the benefits and costs of the proposed option and the principal alternative means; and
- to decide whether the proposed means is needed to achieve the purpose of the Act and is the most appropriate in terms of efficiency and effectiveness.
Section 91 Procedures Each parcel of land that adjoins or has legal access to a limited access road and does not have reasonably practicable alternative legal access to some other road, is entitled to at least one CP at which vehicles are permitted to proceed to and from the limited access road from and to the parcel of land.
Section 93 Notice Section 93 Notice is a provision under the Transit Act in which any person wishing to exercise any right involving the subdivision or use of land, conditional upon the land having a frontage and/or access to a limited access road, can request the Minister of Transports approval.
Segregation Strips Segregation strips are a means of controlling road access. Segregation strips are essentially small strips of land along the frontage of properties (even just a few centimetres wide) created under the Public Works Act (or by councils under the Local Government Act) during property negotiations and / or application negotiations. The strips are held in public ownership and are not classed as being road. Properties separated from a road by a segregation strip lose their direct access to the road adjoining the segregation strip but are generally provided with alternative road access.
Serve Serve means to formally deliver documents. Section 352 of the Act sets out the methods which may be used where the Act requires someone to serve a document, e.g. a formal reply to an appeal.
Services Services is a general term for roads, water supply, stormwater disposal, sewage disposal, power and telephone, rubbish disposal and other community services provided to properties.
SH State Highway
SHAMM State Highway Asset Maintenance Management
SHAMP State Highway Asset Management Plan
SHAMS State Highway Asset Management Strategy
SHAMIS State Highway Asset Management Information Systems
SHMD State Highway Management Division
SHRC State Highway Review Committee
SI Safety Improvement
SIA Statement of Intent & Ability
Sight Distance Sight distance (or vehicle intervisibility distance) to and from an access to enable safe vehicle turning manoeuvres. Refer to Diagram A in Appendix 4 for method to determine sight distance at a property access.
SISP Strategic Information Systems Plan
SNZ/SANZ Standards Association of New Zealand
SOI Statement of Intent
SOMAC Standardisation of Maintenance Allocation Contracts
SOSP Statement of Service Performance
SQL Structure Query Language
SS Sanitary Sewer
SS Strategy Study
STAG Skid Resistance Technical Group
State highway State highway means a State highway declared as such under section 11 of the National Roads Act 1953 or by Authority under this Act (Transit Act); and, for the purposes of any payments from the Account, also includes any proposed State highway.
State Highway Reserve The State highway reserve includes the total area between private property boundaries / or other types of reserve that is used currently (or may be in the future) for State highway roading purposes. The land in the reserve is managed by Transit and is owned by the Crown. This includes the actual road carriageway, footpaths, any land over which a right of way has been granted and any land taken for roading under the provisions of the Transit Act or Public Works Act 1981.
STE Smooth Travel Exposure
Structure Structure means any building, equipment, device, or other facility made by people and which is fixed to land; and includes any raft.
Subdivision consent Subdivision consent is required where any person wishes to sell part of the land contained in an allotment or lease part of the land for a period of 20 years or more (including rights of renewal) unless expressly allowed by a rule in a district plan. It should be specified whether the subdivision is for fee simple, cross-lease, lease or unit title.
Submission Submission means a written submission and, in relation to the preparation or change of a policy statement or plan, includes any submission made under clause 8 of the First Schedule in support of or in opposition to an original submission.
Survey plan Survey plan means a plan of subdivision of land, or a building or part of a building, prepared in a form suitable for deposit under the Land Transfer Act 1952 or with the Registrar of Deeds; and any Crown plan prepared for a similar purpose as the case requires, and includes
- A unit plan; and
- A plan to give effect to the grant of a cross lease or company lease.
Sustainable Management As defined in Section 5 of the Resource Management Act 1991:
managing the use, development, and protection of natural and physical resources in a way, or at a rate, which enables people and communities to provide for their social, economic, and cultural well being and for their health and safety while
- sustaining the potential of natural and physical resources (excluding minerals) to meet the reasonably foreseeable needs of future generations; and
- safeguarding the life-supporting capacity of air, water, soil and ecosystems; and
- avoiding, remedying, or mitigating any adverse effects of activities on the environment.
SW Seal Widening
SW Stormwater
SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities & Threats
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TA territorial authority ie, a city council or a district council within local government. Also TLA territorial local authority.
Tangata whenua in relation to a particular area, means the iwi, or hapu, that holds mana whenua over that area.
TCC Traffic Control Centre
TDG Traffic Design Group
TET Tender Evaluation Team
Tikanga Maori "Tikanga Maori" means Maori customary values and practices.
Time limits The RMA sets out time limits for the processing of applications for consent:
- Public notice within 10 working days of receipt of application.
- Submissions close after 20 working days.
- Council hearing within 25 working days (including 10 working days notice).
- Council decision within 15 working days of hearing or 20 working days from receipt in the case of non-notified applications.
- Time limits are also set for processing privately requested plan changes.
- There is a general obligation (section 21 of the Act) to avoid delay.
- Section 37 sets out circumstances where a council may extend (up to double) the time limits.
TMU Traffic Management Unit. This is a business unit of Transit New Zealand that delivers services to Transit and the Auckland Region Local Authorities for Network Operations.
TOPS Transit Overweight Permit System
TOR Terms of Reference
TQM Total Quality Management
TQP Task Quality Plan
Traffic Management Centre aka Northcote Traffic Management Centre (NTMC)
Transit Transit New Zealand as established by the Transit New Zealand Act 1989.
Transit Act Transit New Zealand Act 1989
Treaty of Waitangi Treaty of Waitangi (Te Tiriti o Waitangi) has the same meaning as the word Treaty as defined in section 2 of the Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975.
Trigger Levels The trigger levels indicate when intervention is required. If an activity on a property adjoining a State highway generates access movements above the indicated trigger level for its particular circumstances, then mitigation works would be required to safeguard the safety and efficiency of the highway.
TS Traffic Signals
TTL Transit New Zealand Training Line
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UA unitary authority ie a territorial authority within local government which also has the powers of a regional council. There are four: Gisborne District Council, Marlborough District Council, Nelson City Council and Tasman District Council.
Ultra vires Ultra vires is a legal term (Latin) meaning beyond the powers (of a body such as a council). The opposite is intra vires.
Unofficial Signs Are all signs that are not contained in Manual of Traffic Signs and Marking (MOTSAM) including advertising signs / devices and community signs.
Utilities See designation.
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Variation Variation means an alteration by a local authority to a proposed policy statement, plan, or change under clause 16A of the First Schedule RMA). Unlike changes, variations can only be initiated by a local authority and not by any other person.
VPD Vehicles Per Day
VKT Vehicle Kilometres Travelled
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WAR Work Activity Recording (out of date term for time recording)
Water Water
- Means water in all its physical forms whether flowing or not and whether over or under the ground;
- Includes fresh water, coastal water, and geothermal water;
- Does not include water in any form while in any pipe, tank, or cistern.
Water Permit Water Permit is required to take, use, dam or divert water, or heat or energy from water; other than for reasonable domestic needs or needs of stock, unless expressly allowed by a rule in a regional plan.
WI Work Instruction
WICB Wellington Inner City Bypass
WIM Weigh-in-Motion
Working day Working day means any day except
- a Saturday, a Sunday, Good Friday, Easter Monday, Anzac Day, Labour Day, the Sovereigns birthday, and Waitangi Day; and
- a day in the period commencing with the 20th day of December in any year and ending with the 15th day of January in the following year.
Works Works includes construction and improvement projects.
WP Work Procedure
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Yards These are spaces required between buildings and site boundaries in order to achieve fire protection, access for maintenance, sunlight and views for adjoining properties, noise reduction, vehicle access and parking, outdoor living space and visual pleasantness. Minimum yards are usually defined for each zone in district plans. Sometimes called setback requirements.
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Zone Zoning is a means of grouping all activities of like character (in terms of effects and / or needs) and specifying under what conditions various types of activities would be acceptable in that zone. Zones were a requirement of plans prepared under the Town and Country Planning Act, but are not mandatory now. Many district plans do not include zones, but may refer to areas or overlays instead.
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4L 4 Laning